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湘西土家族苗族自治州历史悠久，文脉繁盛，拥有世界文化遗产1处、全国重点文物保护单位14处、国家级历史文化名城1个、历史文化名镇4个，多达1517处历史文化古迹，完整见证了中华文明九州共贯、多元一体的历史进程，既是祖先留给我们的宝贵遗产，也是推动这片土地打开山门、创新发展的强大精神动力。
湘文化遗产主题游径 Themed torstroutulal
2024年，湘西文旅启动神秘湘西文化遗产主题游径建设，对州内历史文化遗产价值加以深入挖掘和阐释，将承载着湘西厚重历史文化和浓郁人文风情的文物古迹有机关联、串珠成链，形成兼具休闲观光、文化旅游、科考研学功能的文化线路。
让我们沿着这些线路照鉴多元文化，探寻何以湘西。
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture has a long history and a prosperous cultural context. It has one world cultural heritage site, 14 national key cultural relic protection units, one national historical and cultural city, and four famous historical and cultural towns. There are as many as 1,517 historical and cultural relics, which completely witness the historical process of the Chinese civilization being interconnected and diverse yet integrated.It is not only a precious heritage left to us by our ancestors but also a powerful spiritual driving force for promoting the opening up and innovative development of this land.
In 2024, Xiangxi's culture and tourism sector launched the construction of the themed tourist route of cultural heritage in mysterious Xiangxi. It deeply excavates and interprets the value of historical and cultural heritages within the prefecture, organically links cultural relics and historic sites that carry Xiangxi's profound historical culture and strong humanistic customs, and strings them together to form cultural routes with functions of leisure and sightseeing,cultural tourism,and scientific research and study.
Let's follow these routes to reflect on diverse cultures and explore why Xiangxi is unique.
老司城遗址文物径
The Cultural Relics Trail ofthe Laosi City Ruins
土司制度作为与元、明、清王朝相始终的重要行政制度，体现了我国古代中央政府对少数民族地区的有效管理，见证了古代中国作为统一多民族国家对西南多民族地区独特的“齐政修教，因俗而治”的管理智慧。“土朝王司溪州胜迹”土司文物主题游径连接老司城遗址、芙蓉镇、老司岩等土司制度相关遗存，引领观众走进土司王朝的辉煌与遗梦，完成对历史的沉浸与追溯。
老司城遗址位于湘西州永顺县，是南宋至清代永顺彭氏土司的政治、经济、军事和文化中心，史书中多有“城内三千户，城外八百家”“五溪之巨镇，万里之边城”的记载与评价。作为中国土司制度的物质见证、传统西南山水城市的典范、国家级文化生态保护区重要文化地标，是国内为数不多实现原遗址、原住民、原生态、原文化“四原”保护的文化遗产地，2015年，列入世界遗产名录。
推荐路线
老司城遗址博物馆 \rightarrow 接官渡（河码头）→宫殿区→生活区 \rightarrow 凉热洞 \rightarrow 彭氏宗祠 \rightarrow 土司古墓群→土司德政碑→若云书院→子孙永享牌坊→周家湾→松柏古道→祖师殿
祖师殿
As an important administrative system that coexisted throughout the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the Tusi system reflects the effective management of China's ancient central government over ethnic minority regions. It also bears witness to the unique management wisdom of ancient China, as a unified multi-ethnic country, in dealing with the multi-ethnic regions in the southwest, which is characterized by‘implementing unified policies and promoting education while governing according to local customs. The thematic tourism route of Tusi cultural relics, titled “The Tusi Dynasty, Wangsi, and the Historic Sites of Xizhou, connects the remains related to the Tusi system, such as the Laosi City Ruins, Furong Town, and Laosiyan. It leads visitors to step into the glory and lingering dreams of the Tusi dynasty and enables them to immerse themselves in and trace back to history.
The Laosi City Ruins are located in Yongshun County, Xiangxi Prefecture. It served as the political, economic, military, and cultural center of the Peng clan's Tusi in Yongshun from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.Historical records often contain descriptions and evaluations such as "Three thousand households within the city and eight hundred families outside the city'and“A large town among the FiveStreams and afrontier city stretching for thousands of miles. As a material witness of China's Tusi system, a model of traditional landscape cities in the southwest, and an important cultural landmark in the national-level cultural and ecological protection zone, it is one of the few cultural heritage sites in China that have achieved the protection of the original site, original inhabitants, original ecology, and original culture. In 2015, it was inscribed on the World Heritage List.
老司城遗址博物馆 The Museum of Laosi City Ruins
老司城遗址博物馆是展示中国土司制度和土司文化的专题博物馆，该馆陈列布展以老司城遗址建筑原貌豌蜓、叠幛的特点为设计原点，整个展示空间为一轴“原生态、原文化、原遗址、原住民”的宏伟史诗画卷，集中突出地域特点、时代特征、人文特色和史学特性。
博物馆陈列布展文物以考古发掘成果为主，系统解读老司城遗址本体及其与周边遗迹的关系，展示老司城的地理环境、基础设施、功能布局，通过与国内外同类遗产对比分析，进一步突出老司城遗址的特殊性、完整性与真实性价值。
The Museum of Laosi City Ruins is a thematic museum dedicated to showcasing China's Tusi system and Tusi culture. The display and exhibition layout of the museum takes the original appearance of the buildings at the Laosi City Ruins, characterized by winding paths and overlapping peaks, as the design starting point. The entire exhibition space is like a magnificent epic scroll with the theme of ‘original ecology, original culture, original ruins, and original inhabitants, which centrally highlights the regional characteristics, the features of the era, the cultural characteristics,and thehistorical characteristics.
The cultural relics on display in the museum mainly come from the achievements of archaeological excavations.They systematically interpret the Laosi City Ruins themselves and their relationships with the surrounding remains, and showcase the geographical environment, infrastructure, and functional layout of Laosi City. Through comparative analysis with similar heritages at home and abroad, the uniqueness, integrity, and authenticity values of the Laosi City Ruins are further emphasized.
全馆布展面积2000平方米，分序厅、老司城遗址、土司制度、溪州铜柱、多媒体、民间民俗文化、遗址保护及结束厅8个展厅。馆藏文物11000多件，现有一级文物18件（套），二级文物35件（套），三级文物300多件（套），陈展面积2000平方米，展陈各级文物480余件套。博物馆陈列布展由序厅老司城遗址介绍、彭氏政权的发展历程、土家族文化等四大部分组成，反映彭氏政权的建立，发展，强盛以及消失的历史。也通过彭氏政权的发展历程反映了历史时期西南民族地区土司制度的萌芽，建立，发展和消亡。
The exhibition area of the whole museum is 2.000 square meters, which is divided into 8 exhibition halls, namely the Preface Hall, the Laosi City Ruins Hall, the Tusi System Hall, the Tongzhu of Xizhou Hall, the Multimedia Hall, the Folk and Traditional Culture Hall, the Ruins Protection Hall, and the Ending Hall. There are more than 11,0o0 cultural relics in the museum's collection. Currently,there are 18 pieces (sets) of first-class cultural relics,35 pieces (sets) of second-class cultural relics, and more than 300 pieces (sets) of third-class cultural relics. The exhibition area is 2,000 square meters, and more than 480 pieces (sets) of cultural relics at all levels are displayed.
The display and exhibition layout of the museum consists of four major parts, including the introduction of the Laosi City Ruins in the Preface Hall, the development process of the Peng Clan regime, and the culture of the Tujia ethnic group. It reflects the establishment, development, prosperity, and disappearance of the Peng Clan regime in history. Through the development process of the Peng Clan regime, it also reflects the germination, establishment, development, and demise of the Tusi system in the ethnic minority regions of southwest China during historical periods.
接官渡（河码头 Jieguandu (River Wharf)
接官渡是彭氏土司朝廷官员来此视察工作的必经之路，其上有一座简易的木桥，平时小木桥承载两岸的交通，涨水之后，就用木船连接灵溪河两岸。
Jieguandu is the only way for the court officials of the Peng clan's Tusi to come here for inspection. There is a simple wooden bridge on it. Usually, the small wooden bridge bears the traffic between the two banks of the river. After the water level rises, wooden boats are used to connect the two banks of the Lingxi River.
生活区它位于城区的北部，总面积14000平方米。整体性制为椭圆形，殿内设有四门，大西门为正门，西北角为北门，西南角为南门，东南角为东门。老司城中环境优美，适宜居住，在区域内有纵横交错的地下排水系统，为具有排放生活污水、防灾减灾多重功能的工程典范。
The living area is located in the northern part of the urban area, with a total area of 14,000 square meters. As a whole, it is oval in shape. There are four gates in the palace. The Great West Gate serves as the main entrance, the North Gate is in the northwest corner, the South Gate is in the southwest corner,and the East Gate is in the southeast corner.The environment in Laosi City is beautiful and suitable for living. There is a crisscrossing underground drainage system within the area, which is a model project with multiple functions such as discharging domestic sewage and preventing and reducing disasters.
位于城区北部，依山而建，东北高、西南低。形状略呈椭圆形，周长436米，总面积14000平方米。宫殿区共有四门，并以石灰、桐油胶结。大西门为正门，连接右街古道，残存局部台阶，两侧的城墙残高2米左右，以红砂岩错缝平铺叠砌包边。宫殿区西北角、西南角、东南角各有一门，城墙的厚度1米左右，长436米。主体建筑处在宫殿区的中部偏南，依山而建，正对着大西门，自下而上，形成四级阶梯状平台。地基用夯土筑成。遗迹包括保坎、墙基、墙体、台级、散水、排水沟等。
It is located in the northern part of the urban area and is built against the mountain,with the northeast being higher and the southwest being lower.It is slightly oval in shape, with a perimeter of 436 meters and a total area of 14,000 square meters. There are four gates in the palace area, which are cemented with lime and tung oil. The Great West Gate is the main entrance, connecting to the ancient road of the Right Street. Some of the steps remain. The residual height of the city walls on both sides is about 2 meters, and the edges are paved and stacked with red sandstone in a staggered joint pattern. There is one gate respectively in the northwest corner, the southwest corner, and the southeast corner of the palace area. The thickness of the city wall is about I meter, and its length is 436 meters.
The main building is located in the south of the middle part of the palace area, built against the mountain, directly facing the Great West Gate.From bottom to top, it forms a four-level stepped platform. The foundation is made of rammed earth. The remains include retaining walls, wall foundations, walls, steps,water dispersal areas, drainage ditches,et.
位于中心城址北部，北与生活区相邻，是土司及其职官行政办公和临时居住的衙署政务机构所在地，平面接近长方形，城墙周长408.8米，面积8762.4平方米。其东、南、西墙保存较为完好，一般残高1一2米。衙署区西门残基至今仍出露在地面上，门宽3.4米，以条石作石阶，下通正街。
Located in the northern part of the central city site and adjacent to the living area in the north, it is the location of the yamen government affairs institution where the Tusi and his officials conducted administrative work and temporarily lived. Its plane is nearly rectangular, with the perimeter of the city wall being 408.8 meters and an area of 8,762.4 square meters. The east, south, and west walls are relatively well-preserved, with a general residual height of 1 to 2 meters. The residual foundation of the west gate of the Yashu Area is still exposed on the ground to this day. The gate is 3.4 meters wide, with stone steps made of stone strips, leading down to the main street.
排水渠 Drainage ditch
凉热洞位于衙署区中部第四级台地北侧，是因季节不同而用于避暑或御寒功能的特殊建筑。
凉热洞整体由青砖起券砌筑，分内外两间，厚而坚硬的墙壁既不容易导热，又可以阻挡寒气，堪称是节能的生态建筑，体现了老司城建筑设计的科学性和当时先民的生活智慧。
The Liangre Cave is located on the north side of the fourth terrace in the middle of the Yashu Area.It is a special building used for avoiding the heat in summer or keeping warm in winter depending on the season.
The Liangre Cave is entirely constructed with blue bricks arched and built. It is divided into two rooms, an inner one and an outer one. The thick and hard walls are not easy to conduct heat and can also block the cold air.It can be regarded as an energy-saving ecological building, reflecting the scientific nature of the architectural design of Laosi City and theliving wisdom of the ancestors at that time.
彭氏宗祠位于司城中心，在土司“寝宫”的后面，内供历代土司的牌位，有精美的木雕像，还收藏了历代土司制定的三纲五常法谱。为明代万历十九年第24代土司彭元锦任宣慰使时所建。
从祠堂大门直到正街有一条200多米长的官道，要经过四个平台和五段石阶梯三十余个石级，逐步高升显出一种威严的气派。
祠堂门口有一对石鼓，估计每只至少重五千斤以上，民间传说是土家族古代英雄哈力噶巴从离此百多里的五官坪一只手提一只提到司城来的。
The Ancestral Temple of the Peng Clan is located in the center of Sicheng, behind the “bedchamber'of the Tusi. Inside, there are the memorial tablets of the Tusi of past dynasties,exquisite wooden statues, and the legal codes of the Three Cardinal Bonds and the Five ConstantVirtuesformulated by the Tusi of past dynasties are also collected.It was built in the 19th year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty when Peng Yuanjin, the 24th-generation Tusi, served as the Chief Military and Administrative Commissioner.
There is an official road over 200 meters long from the gate of the ancestral temple to the main street. It passes through four platforms, five sections of stone steps, and more than thirty stone steps, rising gradually, showing a majestic air.
There is a pair of drum-shaped stone blocks at the entrance of the ancestral temple. It is estimated that each of them weighs at least over five thousand catties.According to folklore, they were carried to Sicheng by Haligaba,an ancient hero of the Tujia ethnic group, one in each hand from Wuguanping, which is more than a hundred li away.
土司古墓群是理葬彭福石冲以后的土司、土官及其眷属的地方。古墓多集中于司城紫金山、雅草坪、帕桶湖三个地方，其中以紫金山最多。据勘察，紫金山一处共有土司王及其贵族坟墓109座。古墓的规模大小，视其官爵而定。从已挖开的30多座古墓来看，基本形式是用土砖拱成半圆形，墓前有石人石马，四周筑有围墙，进出必经铁门。墓室四壁上刻有精美的花草图案和龙凤图案。棺材系楠木、梓木做成，用土漆漆成乌黑色，并用铁钩悬挂在石室之内。随葬器物也极为丰富，有金花、金譬、发插、耳环、莲蓬等金银饰物，还有各种玉器等。明代土司彭显英、彭冀南等人的坟墓至今尚保存完好。
The Ancient Tomb Cluster of the Tusi is the place where the Tusi, local officials and their families were buried after the time of Peng Fushichong. Most of the ancient tombs are concentrated in three places Zijin Mountain, Yacaoping and Patong Lake in Sicheng, among which Zijin Mountain has the largest number.According to the survey,there are a total of 109 tombs of Tusi kings and their nobles on Zijin Mountain. The scale of the ancient tombs is determined according to the official rank of the buried person. Judging from the more than 30 excavated ancient tombs, the basic form is a semicircular arch made of adobe bricks. In front of the tombs, there are stone statues of people and horses, and there is a fence built around them. One must pass through an iron gate to enter or exit. Exquisite patterns of flowers and plants, as well as patterns of dragons and phoenixes, are carved on the four walls of the tomb chamber. The coffins are made of nanmu and zimu wood, painted jet black with native lacquer,and hung inside the stone chamber with iron hooks. The burial objects are also extremely rich, including gold and silver ornaments such as golden flowers, gold bracelets, hairpins, earrings, lotus seedpods, as well as various jade articles and so on. The tombs of Tusi Peng Xianying, Peng Jinan and others in the Ming Dynasty are still wellpreserved to this day.
此碑是清康熙五十二年永顺土官为永顺等处宣慰使彭泓海歌功颂德而建。土司德政碑立于司城衙署遗址左侧，由青石雕凿而成。碑高2.74米，宽1.2米，腹背刻字，上有石帽盖顶，旁扶石柱。
This stele was erected in the 52nd year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty by the local officials of Yongshun to extol the virtues and achievements of Peng Honghai, the Chief Military and Administrative Commissioner of Yongshun and other places. The Stele of the Tusi's Benevolent Governance is located on the left side of the ruins of the Yashu (official office) in Sicheng and is carved from bluestone. The stele is 2.74 meters high and 1.2 meters wide, with inscriptions on both the front and the back. There is a stone cap on the top, and stone pillars are beside it for support.
若云书院土司接受中原教化，进行一系列宗教祭祀以及文化学习的场所，是土司时期的教育机构，与主城区内墓葬区遥遥相望，体现出老司城人事死如生的死亡观。
Ruoyun Academy was a place where the Tusi accepted the enlightenment from the CentralPlains,carried out a series of religious sacrifices and cultural studies.It was an educational institution during the Tusi period. Standing in a distant view from the tomb area in the main urban area, it reflects the concept of death in Laosi City that people treated the deceased as if they were still alive.
位于司城南面紫金山和若云书院的雅草坪，始建于明嘉靖年间，上刻“子孙永享”四字，系为表彰二十六代土司彭冀南率土兵抗倭有功而立。明嘉靖三十三年（1554），年仅十八岁的土司彭冀南，率五千土兵奔赴江浙一代抗击倭寇。土兵在王江径一役歼敌一千九百余人，明史称“自有倭寇以来，东南用兵未有逾此者，此其第一功云”，立“子孙永享”牌坊以昭纪。
It is located on Yacaoping of Zijin Mountain and Ruoyun Academy in the south of Sicheng. It was initially built during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. On it are engraved the four characters Posterity to Enjoy Forever. It was erected to commend Peng Jinan, the 26th-generation Tusi, for his meritorious deeds in leading the native soldiers toresist the Japanese pirates. In the 33rd year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty (1554), Peng Jinan, the Tusi who was only 18 years old at that time, led 5,000 native soldiers to rush to the regions of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to resist the Japanese pirates. In the Battle of Wangjiangjing, the native soldiers wiped out more than 1,900 enemies. The History of the Ming Dynasty stated that‘Since the appearance of the Japanese pirates, there has been no military achievement in the southeast region that exceeds this. This is the greatest merit. The Memorial Archway of Posterity to Enjoy Forever was erected to commemorate this remarkablefeat.
周家湾为土司时期医术高超的周姓人的封地，周姓人在这里繁衍生息，人丁兴旺，为此土司赐此地名为周家湾。
如今，周家湾已成为老司城遗址集中展示区。在这里，永顺的十项国家级非物质文化遗产均有展示如土家族毛古斯舞、土家族摆手舞、土家族织锦技艺、土家族吊脚楼营造技艺等等。
Zhoujiawan was the fiefdom of the Zhou family members who had superb medical skills during the Tusi period. The Zhou family members multiplied and thrived here, and the population was prosperous. Therefore, the Tusi bestowed the name of Zhoujiawan on this place.
Today, Zhoujiawan has become a concentrated exhibition area of the Laosi City Ruins.Here,ten national-level intangible cultural heritages of Yongshun are all displayed, such as the Maogusi Dance of the Tujia ethnic group, the Hand-waving Dance of the Tujia ethnic group,the brocade weaving technique of the Tujia ethnic group, the construction technique of the stilted buildings of the Tujia ethnic group, and so on.
松柏古道见证了老司城曾经作为南宋绍兴五年（1135年）至清雍正二年（1724年）永顺彭氏土司的政治、经济、军事、文化中心的历史，承载着当地悠久的土司文化。
The Ancient Pine and Cypress Path has witnessed the history of Laosi City as the political, economic, military and cultural center of the Peng Clan Tusi in Yongshun from the 5th year of the Shaoxing reign of the Southern Song Dynasty (1l35 AD) to the 2nd year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1724 AD), and it carries the local long-standing Tusi culture.
祖师殿位于老司城太平南麓，始建于后晋天福二年，重建于明代，供奉的是道教祖师张天师张道陵。正殿面阔五间，进深四间重檐歇山顶，全木材结构，用34根大柱支撑屋顶。柱础用双叠圆鼓式，殿脊殿檐是图案精致的陶砖陶瓦。殿中金柱前，砌有神龛一座，上供“祖师”神象。殿宇斗拱雄伟古朴，梁架结构颇为特殊，是武陵山地区颇具民族特色的建筑。
The Hall of the Patriarch is located at the southern foot of Taiping Mountain in Laosi City.It was initially built in the 2nd year of the Tianfu reign of the Later Jin Dynasty and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. It enshrines Zhang Daoling, the Taoist Patriarch, also known as Zhang Tianshi.
The main hall has a width of five bays and a depth of four bays,with a double-eavehip-and-gable roof.Itis entirely constructed ofwood and supported by 34 large columns. The column bases are in the shape of doublestacked round drums. The ridges and eaves of the hall are made of ceramic bricks and tiles with exquisite patterns.
In front of the central columns in the hall, there is a shrine, on which the statue of the‘Patriarch' is enshrined. The brackets and arches of the hall are majestic and simple,and the beam structure is quite special. It is a building with distinct ethnic characteristics in the Wuling Mountain area.
文昌阁是土司接受中原教化，进行一系列宗教祭祀以及文化学习的场所。文昌阁与关帝庙遗址相邻，曾作为关帝庙的前殿，该建筑为具有土家族民族风格三屋重檐式木构建筑，屋面盖小青瓦，覆盆莲花座石柱础，木柱硕大，建筑面阔三间，是老司城儒家文化建筑遗存。
The Pavilion of Lord Wenchang was a place where the Tusi received the enlightenment from the Central Plains and carried out a series of religious sacrifices and cultural studies.Adjacent to the ruins of the Temple of Lord Guan, the Pavilion of Lord Wenchang once served as the front hall of the Temple of Lord Guan. This building is a three-story wooden structure with double eaves,featuring the ethnic style of the Tujia ethnic group. The roof is covered with small green tiles, and the stone column bases are in the shape of lotus-seat basins. The wooden columns are huge. The building has a width of three bays and is a remaining Confucian cultural building in Laosi City.
